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正保會計網(wǎng)校特別為美國cpa學員整理了美國cpa考試《財務會計與報告》的內(nèi)容,以備迎接美國CPA考試,祝您在網(wǎng)校學習愉快!
Types of inventories held for re-sale
Retail Inventory
Raw Materials Inventory
Work in Process Inventory
Finished Goods Inventory
Goods and materials to be included in inventory
Goods in Transit.F.O.B Shipping Point/F.O.B Destination
Sales with a right of return. “Can you reasonably estimate the return?”。If no,do not recognize revenue.If yes,recognize revenue and estimated allowance.
Consigned goods/Public warehouses/Sales with a mandatory buyback/Installment sales
Valuation of Inventory
GR:Inventories should be stated at its cost
In inventory accounting,cost is the sum of the expenditures and charges,direct and indirect,in bringing goods to their required condition or location.
SR1:Precious metal and farm Products
Net Realizable Value(NRV)is an item‘s net selling price less the costs to complete and dispose of the inventory
農(nóng)產(chǎn)品使用NRV的前提:可按公開市場價格迅速出售、產(chǎn)品可替換、無法確定成本
?。⊿R2)Lower of Cost or Market(LCM)
Market means current replacement cost,provided the current replacement cost does not exceed market ceiling(net realizable value)or fall below market floor(net realizable value reduced by normal profit margin)
Market Ceiling=NRV=Selling price–Costs to complete and dispose
Market Floor=NRV–normal profit
LCM 解題思路
一根數(shù)軸畫出來,四個數(shù)據(jù)要點上。
上限售價減費用,再減利潤為下限。
先將上下兩限點,限定重置區(qū)間值。
重置若落區(qū)間內(nèi),重置上面插大旗。
重置若落區(qū)間左,下限上面插大旗。
重置若落區(qū)間右,上限上面插大旗
成本點上標小旗,理應跟在大旗后。
若是小旗在前面,差額要把減值提。
F4-24 Example-LCM
準則 | Lower of Cost or | Reversal of Inventory Write-downs | 在I/S中的位置 |
US GAAP | Market(Replacement) | Prohibited | GR:included in COGS SR:identified separately in I/S when material |
IFRS | Net Realizable Value | Allow with limit | Not specified in I/S |
Periodic Inventory System Vs.Perpetual Inventory System
Periodic inventory system 實地盤存制。Do NOT record the issue of inventory(“A” of BASE)。Only record beginning inventory and purchasing of inventory. The ending inventory is determined only by physical count.E.g.電廠存煤
Perpetual inventory system 永續(xù)盤存制。Record “BASE” of inventory.The ending inventory balance on ledger will compared with physical counting.E.g.大多數(shù)存貨
Hybrid inventory systems
Units of inventory on hand- Quantities only
Perpetual with periodic at year-end.
重要恒等式-向側(cè)勾,BEC & FAR常用(F4-25)
Beginning+Purchase=Available for sale/use
Ending+sale out/used=Available for sale/use
Beg.+Purchase=End+Sale out
其他幾個重要恒等式,向前勾
CAR+BIG=IN
US GAAP=Codification
Beg.+Add=Subtract+End(BASE)
Primary Inventory Cost Flow Assumptions
Specific Identification Method(個別計價法),如飛機、輪船
First In,F(xiàn)irst Out(FIFO),先進先出法
Weighted Average Method,加權(quán)平均法
Moving Average Method,移動加權(quán)平均法
Last In,F(xiàn)irst Out (LIFO),后進先出法
考點:
FIFO results highest net income during rising prices period.
LIFO results lowest net income during rising price period
Ending inventory of FIFO,“Periodic method”=“Perpetual method”
Ending inventory of LIFO,“Periodic method”“Perpetual Method”
LIFO not permitted under IFRS(中國也已禁止)
If LIFO is used for tax purposes,it must also be used in the US GAAP F/S
實務擴展:LIFO存在的理由。LIFO=Lowest net income=Lowest tax payable.LIFO稅務上可以延遲交稅。
LIFO Layer(幾年陳釀)。
An additional LIFO layer is created in any year where the ending inventory is greater than the beginning inventory.
Period of rising prices,Inventory method‘s effect on B/S,I/S
Inventory Method | B/S ending inventory I/S Net Income | COGS |
FIFO | Biggest | Lowest |
Moving average | Bigger | Lower |
Weighted average | Smaller | Higher |
LIFO | Smallest | Highest |
Dollar-value LIFO
DVL的產(chǎn)生。稅務利益的引誘。LIFO有稅務上的好處,但同時要求GAAP必須用LIFO.日常管理上卻使用FIFO, 這樣更便利于管理。使用DVL,將管理 上的FIFO轉(zhuǎn)化為GAAP上的LIFO
Dollar-value LIFO的解題對策–四步法
例:已知期初會計報表(LIFO)下存貨價值為2000,期末管理報表(FIFO)的存貨價值為3200,當年物價指數(shù)為1.1,求期末會計報表(LIFO)下的存貨價值?
1ST:期末FIFO除指數(shù):3200/1.1=2909
2nd:再與期初LIFO減:2909-2000=909
3rd:然后指數(shù)再乘回:909X1.1=1000
4th:加上期初得結(jié)果:1000+2000=3000
Firm Purchase Commitments (企業(yè)會計準則第13號-或有事項,第八條虧損合同)
Legally enforceable agreement of purchase a specified amount of goods at some time in the future.寶鋼與淡水河谷鐵礦石合同。
Expect Contracted price>Market price,the losses will occur,recognized the loss in I/S-Estimated loss on purchase commitment.
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