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2019年美國注冊會(huì)計(jì)師(USCPA)考試已經(jīng)開始,你是不是已經(jīng)開始全力備考了呢?為幫助廣大學(xué)員輕松學(xué)習(xí),高效備考,正保會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校USCPA教學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)特別為學(xué)員總結(jié)了《財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)與報(bào)告 FAR》的高頻考點(diǎn):現(xiàn)金流——cash flow,希望可以幫助大家輕松理解這部分內(nèi)容。祝您在網(wǎng)校學(xué)習(xí)愉快!考試順利!
Module 2:Statement of Cash Flows(I)
1. Presentation requirements
● FS must includes Statements of CFs
● Provides information of cash receipts from and cash disbursements to by each activities
● Information of material noncash events also presents
● US. GAAP does not require disclosing cash flow per share
● IFRS does not prohibit presentation of cash flow per share
2. Cash and cash equivalents
● Cash: actual cash (i.e., currency, demand deposits)
● Cash equivalents: short-term liquid investment
● Readily convertible into certain amounts of cash
● So near maturity that the risk of changes in the value because of interest rate changes is insignificant.
e.g. treasury bills;
< 90 days original maturity period high liquid investments
Note: Bank overdraft is not cash under US. GAAP, but can be included in cash under IFRS.
要點(diǎn)一:
現(xiàn)金等價(jià)物:
- 高流動(dòng)性,可快速變現(xiàn)(充分流通的市場)短期票據(jù)/投資
- 原始到期日(變現(xiàn)期限)小于90天
- 現(xiàn)金價(jià)值金額固定或幾乎無價(jià)值變動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
- 公司對(duì)現(xiàn)金等價(jià)物有明確會(huì)計(jì)政策,并在FS中充分披露
3. Cash flow statement (CFs)
Statement of CF reconcile cash & cash equivalents from beginning balance to ending balance
Composed by:
● Operating cash flows (CFO), from transactions reported on the I/S, and current assets and current liabilities.
● Investing cash flows (CFI), from noncurrent assets.
● Financing cash flows (CFF), from debt (non-current liabilities) and equity.
● Cash and cash equivalent beginning balance + CFO + CFI + CFF (net increase/decrease in cash)
= cash and cash equivalent ending balance
● Methods of Edit CFO
– The direct method (encourage)
– The indirect method
Direct / Indirect method only different on CFO
The CFI & CFF are the same.
4. Direct method
Convert each major item on I/S into cashable ones
● Present major classes of CFO
e.g. cash received from customer, cash paid to suppliers and employees
● Noncash items do not appear
e.g. Depreciation, amortization, depletion, equity method income
● Reconciliation of NI to CFO is required as a separate schedule under U.S. GAAP.
要點(diǎn)二:
Major CFO items calculation
公式:各項(xiàng)損益表經(jīng)營性項(xiàng)目+/- 資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表項(xiàng)目變化
1) Cash received from customers
= Revenue …………………………Accrual basis
– Receivable increase
+ Receivable decrease
+ Increase in unearned revenue
– Decrease in unearned revenue
2) Cash paid to suppliers
= Cost of goods sold…………………Accrual basis
+ Inventory increase
- Inventory decrease
- AP increase
+ AP decrease
3) Cash paid to employees
= Salaries and wages payable……………Accrual basis
- Wages payable increase
+ Wages payable decrease
4) Other operating cash payments
= Other operating expenses………………Accrual basis
+ Prepaid expense increase
- Prepaid expense decrease
+ Accrued liabilities decrease
- Accrued liabilities increase
Module 2:Statement of Cash Flows(II)
5. Indirect method
■ 5-1 CFO
● Debit balance accounts:
AR, Inventory, Prepaid expense, DTA
● Credit balance accounts :
AP, accrued expense, unearned revenue, DTL
● Non cash expense :
Depreciation , amortization, depletion, allowance/ provision,goodwill impairment
● Non cash income:
Income by payment of property, service, securities, COD.
● None operating Gain/Loss
Remove and analyze actual net receipt from CFO to CFI
e.g. Gain/loss from sales of PP&E or land, should be removed from NI, instead report in CFI the full proceeds received from sales of PP&E or land.
Undistributed earned on entity investment, removed from NI. Report actual dividends received in CFO.
要點(diǎn)三 經(jīng)營凈現(xiàn)金流間接法計(jì)算
● 凈利潤為起點(diǎn),調(diào)整非現(xiàn)金收支和非經(jīng)營項(xiàng)目
● 非現(xiàn)金收入主要考慮非現(xiàn)金對(duì)價(jià)的收入, 如對(duì)價(jià)為實(shí)物資產(chǎn),股權(quán),證券,COD 等
● 非現(xiàn)金支出主要考慮:1)折舊攤銷等為滿足匹配原則的長期成本回收項(xiàng)目2)為滿足謹(jǐn)慎性原則的準(zhǔn)備和減值項(xiàng)目
● 將長期資產(chǎn)購置處置,股權(quán)投資購置,收益及處置,和融資內(nèi)容調(diào)整至CFI , CFF ,并將其中的非現(xiàn)金部分單獨(dú)補(bǔ)充說明
● Timing difference 經(jīng)營性凈收入口徑由Accrual basis 調(diào)整為 Cash basis
調(diào)整資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債中應(yīng)計(jì)(收現(xiàn)延遲),和預(yù)提(付現(xiàn)延遲)項(xiàng)目,及預(yù)收(收現(xiàn)提前)和預(yù)付(付現(xiàn)提前)項(xiàng)目,以流動(dòng)性項(xiàng)目為主
● 部分非現(xiàn)金及資產(chǎn)負(fù)債項(xiàng)目的分析
如存在壞賬核銷,由于壞賬核銷不影響當(dāng)期凈損益但影響AR期末數(shù)據(jù),應(yīng)在NI的非現(xiàn)金AR調(diào)整中剔除
債券溢價(jià)或折價(jià)發(fā)行時(shí),cash paid for interest 應(yīng)考慮損益表項(xiàng)目利息費(fèi)用 +/- 債券溢價(jià)/ 折價(jià)的攤銷
e.g. Amortization of bond discount has to be added back to net income to get the CFO. (interest paid is in CFO)
利息資本化和非資本化的內(nèi)容分別計(jì)算,資本化部分CFI,非資本化部分CFO
當(dāng)期折舊費(fèi)用可以通過B/S累計(jì)折舊/凈值的變化,剔除PP&E購置或處置帶來的折舊/凈值變化因素得到。
■ 5-2 CFI
Purchase or sale of non-current assets
e.g. PP&E, Finance assets (available-for-sale, held-to-maturity), acquiring other entity under acquisition method, loan principle outflow/inflow
■ 5-3 CFF
Transactions regarding non-current liabilities and equity
e.g. Issue stock, bonds, notes, dividends, repurchase, repay principle,treasury stock transaction (note: receipt dividends & interest, paying interest are CFO; Paying dividend are CFF)
■ 5-4 Noncash Invest and Finance activities
要點(diǎn)四:非現(xiàn)金投資和融資行為單獨(dú)披露,分項(xiàng)說明
Supplemental schedule on noncash investing or financing as they may impact significantly future CF
e.g. Purchase PP&E or entity by issuing stock, notes, or by COD.
● Conversion bond to equity, preferred share to common share as financing activity(從負(fù)債轉(zhuǎn)為權(quán)益項(xiàng)目)
● Capital lease obligation for acquiring assets
● Noncash assets exchange
要點(diǎn)五 所得稅和利息單獨(dú)披露要求
● Allocation specifically related with investing or financing taxes to CFI/CFF is allowable in IFRS, tax paid separately present in CF is required.
● US GAAP requires income taxes paid and interests paid ( net of amounts capitalized ) be separately presented in CF statement as CFO items, direct method, or disclosed in supplemental disclosure, indirect method
● Cash flow per share should not be reported on the statement of CF under U.S. GAAP, because it may be misleading and may be incorrectly used as a measure of profitability.
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