閱讀理解的完全解析和常見(jiàn)題型之閱讀能力主要包括的六個(gè)方面： 1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；
2.了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；
3.利用上下文猜測(cè)某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義；
4.既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系；
5.根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行判斷和推論；
6.領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。
我們歸納出相應(yīng)的六種閱讀理解題的類(lèi)型，并具體地探討如何答好這些閱讀理解題。
一.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意（關(guān)鍵）
對(duì)主題思想的提問(wèn)是閱讀理解測(cè)試的必考題。但提問(wèn)方式及用詞都有差異，這類(lèi)題常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式可歸納如下：
1. The main idea of this passage is _______
2. This passage tells us_______
3. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
4. Which of the following sentences best summarizes the author's main point?
5. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?
6. The subject matter of this selection is ______
7. The passage mainly discusses_______
8. This passage illustrates ______
9. This paragraph centers / focuses on ______
10. This passage mainly deals with ______
11. This passage is chiefly concerned with ______
12. The author's purpose in writing this passage is _______
13. What is the passage mainly about?
14. What is the best title of the passage?
15. The major point discussed in the passage is
解答這一類(lèi)題目的基本方法如下：
A.找主題句。
首先要讀標(biāo)題(包含：主題句中的核心詞或概括性詞)。主題句一般位于文章或段落的開(kāi)始，在解題時(shí)，凡是與主題句意思最接近的選項(xiàng)必然是正確的答案。
B.概括和歸納出主題思想。（這個(gè)比較難）
實(shí)際上，在閱讀理解測(cè)試部分有的文章是沒(méi)有主題句的。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點(diǎn)開(kāi)始（大部分閱讀理解短文都是由數(shù)段組成），最后將各段要點(diǎn)集中概括并歸納出全文的主題思想。
二.了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)
一般會(huì)引用事實(shí)、或分析原因、或?qū)Ρ仁挛镩g的關(guān)系等以論證論點(diǎn)。
常用有兩種：
1、要求找出文章中的重要事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，常與who，when，where，which或why有關(guān)。
2、辨認(rèn)哪些細(xì)節(jié)在文章中沒(méi)被提及，常有except，not(mentioned/true)，least等。
回答這類(lèi)題目，讀者要：通讀全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基礎(chǔ)上，首先，看懂問(wèn)題，明確問(wèn)的是什么，然后，按照題意尋讀，找到答案根據(jù)。
三.利用上下文猜測(cè)某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義
完整的語(yǔ)篇中，單詞和詞組的意義受特定的情景、上下文限制，因此可以根據(jù)上下文，并利用所掌握的句法、構(gòu)詞法和詞匯等確定它們的意義。掌握這一基本技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項(xiàng)中選擇符合上下文的解釋，而且往往還能推測(cè)某些生詞的大致意思。
常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)題型有：
1. The word "..." in line ... refers to ______.
2. The expression "..." (line paragraph ...) is closest in meaning to
3. In line.., the word "..." most probably means ________
4. In line.., the word "..." could best be replaced by _________
5. By "..." the author means _________
6. The word "...", as used by the author, most nearly means ________
7. In this passage, the word "..." means
8. "..." in the context of the passage refers to ???_________
9. "...", as used in the passage, can best be defined as _________
四.既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系（常見(jiàn)，題干無(wú)固定形式）
學(xué)員們對(duì)文章個(gè)別句子好像是“理解”的，但由于不理解它與上下文中其他句子的邏輯關(guān)系，因而整篇文章講的是什么則不能準(zhǔn)確掌握。在閱讀理解測(cè)試中，但從考核目標(biāo)和內(nèi)容來(lái)看，要求學(xué)員準(zhǔn)確理解一些有關(guān)聯(lián)的句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系（例如概括和舉例說(shuō)明、前因后果、行為動(dòng)機(jī)、比較、條件或讓步等）。
1. Which of the following may cause/lead to ... according to the passage?
2. Sb. is asked/advised to do sth. Because ________.
3. The aim of... is/was ______.
4. The best solution for ... seems to be ________
5. is specifically mentioned in paragraph ... as an example of _______.
6. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be ________
7. According to the passage/author, people differ in their opinions about .
8. … encourages the use of sth. so that _______
9. According to the passage the new device proved to be _________
10. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of... ?
五.根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行判斷和推論（難度比較大）
對(duì)理解字里行間的言外之意以及作者的觀點(diǎn)、寫(xiě)作意圖和態(tài)度十分重要。要求考生推斷文章的含義和引申意思（根據(jù)文章所提供的部分信息或文章的含義進(jìn)行歸納）；判斷所節(jié)選文章的某一部分的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)；有時(shí)甚至要求推斷作者的身分。
下面是判斷、推理的一些常見(jiàn)的表達(dá)方式：
1. What is implied in the sentence(s) ... ?
2. It is implied in the passage that
3. The passage implies / suggests that
4. It can be inferred/seen/concluded from the passage that
5. Which of the following can be inferred from this passage?
6. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage?
7. Which of the following conclusions could best be drawn from the passage?
8. Based on the passage, we can assume that
9. We can learn from the passage that the author is
10. In Which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?
11. The paragraph following the passage would most probably discuss
12. What would the paragraph preceding this passage probably discuss?
六.領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度
回答這類(lèi)題首先要在閱讀過(guò)程中注意體會(huì)和覺(jué)察作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。這種信息有時(shí)是直接表達(dá)的，但更多的是間接、含蓄的流露。作者的主觀情感和態(tài)度往往和全文的主題和要點(diǎn)相關(guān)聯(lián)。
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